Ming-Sung Wu, Bo Cheng Jin, Xin Li & Steven Nutt (2019) A recyclable epoxy for composite wind turbine blades. Martínez E, Sanz F, Pellegrini S, Jiménez E, Blanco J (2009) Life-cycle assessment of a 2-MW rated power wind turbine: CML method. Liu Pu, Meng F, Barlow CY (2019) Wind turbine blade end-of-life options: an eco-audit comparison. Kerstin B (2013) Oebels, Sergio Pacca, Life cycle assessment of an onshore wind farm located at the northeastern coast of Brazil. Jensen JP, Skelton K (2018) Wind turbine blade recycling: experiences, challenges and possibilities in a circular economy. Guangxing Wu, Zhang C, Cai C, Yang Ke, Shi K (2020) Uncertainty prediction on the angle of attack of wind turbine blades based on the field measurements. Garrett P, Rønde K (2013) Life cycle assessment of wind power: comprehensive results from a state-of-the-art approach. J Clean Prod 209:1252–1263ĭavidsson S, Höök M, Wall G (2012) A review of life cycle assessments on wind energy systems. Renew Energy 132:1348–1359Ĭousins DS, Suzukia Y, Murray RE, Samaniuk JR, Stebner AP (2018) Recycling glass fiber thermoplastic composites from wind turbine blades. Ĭhang B, Starcher K (2019) Evaluation of wind and solar energy investments in Texas. J Reinf Plast Comp 33:1542–1556īonou A, Laurent A, Olsen SI (2016) Life cycle assessment of onshore and offshore wind energy – from theory to application. Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlingtonīeauson J, Lilholt H, Brondsted P (2014) Recycling solid residues recovered from glass fibre-reinforced composites – a review applied to wind turbine blade materials. This work shows that carefully selected raw materials and EoL alternatives for WTB can significantly reduce the environmental impact of this component.Īshby MF (2009) Materials and the Environment: Eco-informed Material Choice. In this case, the glass fiber has an EoL potential of 370 GJ of energy and 460 t of CO 2 in the remanufacturing option, against zero for the landfill. As important as the material selection in the early stages of product development is the end of life (EoL) choice. Replacing the reference resin-epoxy/E-glass fiber-with the epoxy resin with the lowest environmental impact-epoxy/S-glass fiber-will reduce the total value of the environmental load to 102 GJ of energy and 3.4 t of CO 2. Finally, two materials with the desired mechanical properties and with a potential lower negative environmental impact than the reference material were selected. The final selected materials have better properties than the reference material. Comparisons were made with 46 pre-selected materials, considering the mechanical behavior and environmental impacts. Those composites comprise a considerable number of different materials that can be mixed to reach adequate performance. ![]() ResultsĬomposite materials such as glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), bonded together with an adhesive material, are used to build modern wind turbine blades. This evaluation process of the possible materials to be used in the blade manufacture was carried out in the initial stages of the project. ![]() In this sense, Young’s modulus, yield strength, and density were compared to the environmental footprint data to support the final material choice. The blades must be built to have a mechanical strength high enough to withstand vibrations caused by manufacturing flaws, turbulence, or irregular loading. Two eco-parameters, embodied energy and carbon footprint, were calculated from each selected material together with values of manufacture, transport, use, and final disposal. Real industrial data regarding the most used materials for wind turbine blade construction are used. The embodied energy and the carbon footprint are used as supporting tools for material selection in the initial project stages. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the environmental impact of a 63-m blade for wind generators.
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